ReviewViolence towards women is a public health problem
Introduction
Violence is a societal problem throughout the world to which individuals of both genders and every age and race may be exposed. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines violence as behaviour or potential behaviour of the actual or threatening application of the physical force of an individual against another or a group or community which results in death, psychological damage, deprivation or inhibited development.1 Violence may be manifested physically, most often as punching, slapping, biting, injuring with sharp or penetrative items and even death or it may be in the form of pyschological violence when the victim is constantly criticised, humiliated, threatened, rejected and emotional needs are not met and with the forbidding of communication with family, freedom of behaviour is restricted and mistreatment is not reported. Violence can also be sexual violence such as abuse, rape, forced sodomy or it can be economic violence.2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Domestic violence is the application of violence by one member of a family against another or others. The most widespread form of domestic violence is perpetrated by men against women.7 In a WHO study of 24,000 women in 11 countries, the rates of women exposed to physical violence at some point throughout their life were reported to be 13%–61% and the rates of sexual violence were seen to be 6%–59%.8 In Turkey, it has been recorded that 50.9% of women are exposed to physical violence at least once in their lifetime and 41.1% of married women suffer violence from their husband.9 The rates of women exposed to physical violence in Turkey show regional differences.10
According to the ‘Research into Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey -2008’ report, women in the 45–59 years age group had higher cumulative rates of exposure to violence at any time in their life in terms of sexual, emotional, physical and combined sexual and physical violence than the other age groups. However, when the previous 12-month period was examined, the rates of exposure to violence were higher at a younger age. In a study by Arat and Altınay, it was reported that 1 in 3 women experienced violence and as women earned more money, the risk of violence doubled and thus it was shown that 2 in 3 women were exposed to violence.11
In a study by Içli in 1995, it was reported that economically independent women were seen as a threat by men, which could leave them exposed to violence.12 As the level of income of the family increased, so the rate of women stating that they had suffered physical violence fell. With an increase in the educational level of women, the rate of physical violence experienced fell, with a rate of 43% for illiterate women and 12% for those who had received higher education having suffered violence at least once in their lifetime.11 In the central and western regions of Turkey, the rate of illiterate women is 16% while in the east of the country this rate is 3 times higher at 42%. This could explain the higher rates of violence seen in the east.
In this study, our aim was to research thoroughly vıolence towards women which ıs a publıc health problem.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The data obtained in the study were obtained from the database of the official internet website of the Turkish Statistics Institute as the data related to violence recorded between 2007 and 2012.
A comparison was made according to various descriptive variables of exposure to sexual, psychological and physical violence at any time in their life and in the previous 12 months. In the study, the status of exposure to violence of the women was evaluated in terms of socio-demographic variables such
Results
In the study, an evaluation was made of the data related to violence of 10,798 women recorded in the database of the Turkish Statistics Institute between 2007 and 2012. The place of residence was determined as an urban area in 73.9% and rural in 26.1%. The geographical regions of residence were West in 26.3%, South in 8.9%, Central in 23.2%, North in 12.3% and East in 29.3%. The distribution of age groups was 15–23 years in 11.1%, 24–34 years in 33.8%, 35–44 years in 27.9% and 45–59 years in
Discussion
In Turkey as in all countries worldwide, violence is a problem for women of all ages, in all regions and of all socio-economic classes. However, in Turkey there are regional traditions such as honour killings, arranged marriages, exchange of daughters, polygamy, marriage in exchange for money, and childhood betrothals, all of which are concepts containing types of violence. Therefore, differences are seen in the rates of violence depending on where the woman lives, the geographical region
Conclusion
When physicians encounter women who have experienced violence, by evaluating the violence in the context of a legal case, violence is identified and not allowed to become a cycle passed from generation to generation, and in addition to the medical intervention, without forgetting that violence is a public health problem, it is necessary to find a way to provide psychosocial and legal support for the victim.
References (56)
- et al.
Prevalance of post traumatic stres disorder and psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (Sexual, Physicaland Both)
Child Abuse&Neglect
(1998) Research on intergenerationaltransmission of violence: thenextgeneration
Lancet
(2000)Violencebyintimatepartners
- et al.
Türkiye’de kadına yönelik şiddet. [Violence against women in Turkey]
(2008) Denizli ili kırsalında bir sağlık ocağı bölgesinde 15–49 yaş evli kadınların, fiziksel şiddet görme durumları ve kadınların şiddete ilişkin tutumları
(2006)Eşi dayak atan evli bireylerin özellikleri
3P Derg
(1996)Anksiyete ve depresyon tanısı ile izlenen evli kadınlarda aile içi şiddetin sosyodemografik faktörler, çift uyumu ve hastalıkla ilişkisi
(2006)Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile içi Şiddet
(2008)- et al.
PreventingFamilyViolence
(1997) Multi-countrystudy on Women’shealth and Domestic Violence against Women: Summary Report of Initial Results on Prevalence. Health Outcome Sand Women’sresponses
(2005)
Domestic violence against 116 Turkishhousewives: Afieldstudy
WomenHealth
Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi &Scedil
Türkiye’de kadına yönelik şiddet araştırma raporu
Ailede Kadına Karşı Şiddet ve Kadın Suçluluğu
Aile içi Eşler Arası Kaza Dışı Yaralanmalar. IV
Theinvestigation of Theopinion of Marriedwomenbetweenage of 15-49 on innerdomesticviolenceandthecircumstancestheyexposedtoviolence
Şiddetin kadın sağlığına etkileri ve sağlık çalışanlarının rolü
Kadın Çalışmaları Derg
Anxietysensitivityand PTSD among female victims of intimatepartner voilence
Depress Anxiety
Kriz olgularında aile içinde yaşanan şiddet
Kriz Derg
Aile içinde öfke ve saldırganlığın yansımaları
Ank Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilim Fakültesi Derg
Bir psikiyatri kliniğine başvuran evli kadınlarda aile içi şiddet: evlilik sorunları başvuru yakınması ve psikiyatrik tanı
Yeni Symp
Aile içi şiddete maruz kalan kadınlar: Diyarbakır örneği. [Women Who Are Victims of Domestic Violence: An Example of Diyarbakir]
Predeployment personality traitsand exposure to trauma as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a prospective study of former peace keepers
TheAmericanJournal Psychiatry
Kadına yönelik eş şiddetinin sosyoekonomik durum ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi. [Therelationship between Violence against Women, Socio-economic Situation and Life Quality]
Traumahistory of sheltered battered women
Issues Ment Health Nurs
Kadına ve Aile Bireylerine Yönelik Şiddet İnceleme Raporu
Gebelikte Sosyo Demografik Değişikliklerin Anksiyete Ve Depresyon Düzeyleri İle İlişkisi
Turk Physcian
Underage mothers Med Sci Monit
Cited by (12)
Intimate partner violence against women, circumstances of aggressions and oral-maxillofacial traumas: A medical-legal and forensic approach
2018, Legal MedicineCitation Excerpt :Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem whose magnitude and risk factors vary according to different social, economic and cultural scenarios [1–5].
Domestic Violence Against Women in North African and Middle Eastern Countries: A Scoping Review
2023, Trauma, Violence, and AbuseExposure of married women to spousal violence: A community-based study in Eastern Turkey
2022, Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi DergisiViolence and sociodemographic related factors among a sample of Egyptian women during the COVID-19 pandemic
2021, Egyptian Journal of Forensic SciencesA Qualitative Study of the Health-Related Perceptions of Married Iranian Women Who Have Experienced Domestic Violence
2021, Journal of Forensic NursingBored: A Pandemic of Domestic Violence
2021, Partner Abuse