Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 6 , Pages 353-355 , August 2008

No cash no whiplash?: Influence of the legal system on the incidence of whiplash injury

Presented in part at the 17th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Hong Kong, August 21–26, 2005.

  • C. Represas, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Legal Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
    • ,
  • D.N. Vieira, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • National Institute of Legal Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
    • ,
  • T. Magalhães, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • National Institute of Legal Medicine, Porto, Portugal
    • ,
  • R. Dias, MD

      Affiliations

    • National Institute of Legal Medicine, Porto, Portugal
    • ,
  • S. Frazão, MD

      Affiliations

    • National Institute of Legal Medicine, Porto, Portugal
    • ,
  • J.M. Suárez-Peñaranda, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology and Forensic Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
    • ,
  • M.S. Rodríguez-Calvo, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology and Forensic Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
    • ,
  • L. Concheiro, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology and Forensic Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
    • ,
  • J.I. Muñoz, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Legal Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +34 981582327; fax: +34 981580336.

Received 15 May 2007 ,Accepted 31 December 2007.

References 

  1. Vieira DN. Assessment of bodily damage in civil law: harmonisation of an expert protocol. Rev Port Dano Corp. 2003;12(13):29–36
  2. Silber JS, Hayes VM, Lipetz J, Vaccaro AR. Whiplash: fact or fiction?. Am J Orthop. 2005;34(1):23–28
  3. Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, et al. Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S–73S
  4. Muñoz JI, Represas C, Suárez-Peñaranda JM, Rodríguez-Calvo MS, Concheiro L. Biomechanic analysis in whiplash injuries. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;136(1):238
  5. Castro WH, Meyer SJ, Becke ME, et al. No stress--no whiplash? Prevalence of “whiplash” symptoms following exposure to a placebo rear-end collision. Int J Legal Med. 2001;114(6):316–322
  6. Lonnberg F. Whiplash. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Ugeskr Laeger. 2001;163(16):2231–2236
  7. Foreman SM, Croft AC. Whiplash injuries. 3rd ed.. London: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002;
  8. Pearce JM. Whiplash injury: a reappraisal. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(12):1329–1331
  9. Evans RW. Some observations on whiplash injuries. Neuro Clin. 1992;10(4):975–997
  10. Lucas P. Guide Barème Européen d’evaluation médicales des atteintres à l’intégrité physique et psychique. Louvain-la-Neuve-Belgium: Anthemis SA; 2006;
  11. Ferrari R, Lang C. A cross-cultural comparison between Canada and Germany of symptom expectation for whiplash injury. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005;18(1):92–97

☆ Partially supported by Grant 2006/CI194 from the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC).

PII: S1752-928X(08)00009-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2007.12.016

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 6 , Pages 353-355 , August 2008

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