Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 7 , Pages 398-405 , October 2007

Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks: The effect on blood alcohol levels

  • C. Roberts, MB, ChB, MRCP(UK), MCEM (Emergency Medicine SpR)

      Affiliations

    • University of Manchester, Department of Postgraduate Medicine & Dentistry, 4th Floor, Barlow House, Minshall St., Manchester M1 3DZ, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • S.P. Robinson, MPhil, MB, ChB, MMJ, FFFLM (Honorary Senior Lecturer)

      Affiliations

    • University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 1463 783614.

References 

  1. Elmslie RG, Harvey N. Alcohol absorption rate from different parts of the gut. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1968;29:308–312
  2. Margaret M. Stark, A Physician’s Guide to Clinical Forensic Medicine, 1st ed., pp. 199–202.
  3. Holford NHG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987;13:273–292
  4. Pikaar NA, Wedel M, Hermus RJJ. Influence or several factors on blood alcohol concentrations after drinking alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol. 1988;23:289–297
  5. Watkins RL, Adler EV. The effect of food on alcohol absorption and elimination patterns. J Forensic Sci. 1993;38:285–291
  6. Fraser AG, Rosalkl SB, Gamble GD, Pounder RE. Inter-individual and intra-individud variability of ethanol concentration-time profiles: Comparison of ethanol ingestion before or after and evening meal. B J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;40:387–392
  7. Sedman AJ, Wilkinson PK, Sakmar E, Weidler DJ, Wagner JG. Food effects on absorption and metsibolism of alcohol. J Stud Alcohol. 1976;37:1197–1214
  8. Roine RP, Gentry T, Lim RT, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Effect of concentration of ingested ethanol on blood alcohol levels. Alcohol Exp Clin Res. 1991;15:734–738
  9. Rogers J, Smith J, Stamer GA, Whitfield JB. Differing effects of carbohydrate, fat and protein on the rate of elhanol metabolism. Alcohol Alcohol. 1987;22:345–353
  10. Roine RP, Gentry T, Lim RT, Helkkonen E, Salspuro M, Lieber C. Compansonol blood alcohol concentrations after beer and whiskey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17:709–711
  11. Roine R. Interaction of prandial state and beverage concentration on alcohol absorption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:411–412
  12. Lolli G, Rubin M. The effect of concentration of alcohol on the rate of absorption and the shape of the blood alcohol curve. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1943;4:57–63
  13. Miles WR. The comparative concentrations of alcohol in human blood and urine at intervals after ingestion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1922;20:265–319
  14. Thomasson HR. Gender differences in alcohol metabolism. Recent Develop Alcohol. 1995;12:163–179
  15. Jones AW. Interindividual variations in the disposition and metabolism of ethanol in healthy men. Alcohol. 1984;1:385–391
  16. O’Neill B, Williams AF, Dubowski KM. Variability in blood alcohol concentrations. implications for estimating individual results. J Stud Alcohol. 1983;44:222–230
  17. Arthur MJ, Lee A, Wright R. Sex differences in the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde in normal subjects. Clin Sci. 1984;67:397–401
  18. Marshall AW, Kinstone D, Boss M, Morgan MY. Ethanol elimination in males and females: Relationship to menstrual cycle and body composition. Hepatology. 1983;3:701–706
  19. Frezza M, Di Padoza C, Pozzato G, Terpin M, Baraona E, Lieber CS. High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. New Eng J Med. 1990;322:95–99
  20. Holt S. Observations on the relation between alcohol absorption and the rate of gastric emptying. CMAJ. 1981;124:267–272
  21. Cori CF, Villiaume EL, Cori GT. Studies on intestinal absorption II. The absorption of ethyl alcohol. J Biol Chem. 1930;87:19–25
  22. Holt S, Stewart MJ, Adam RD, Heading RC. Alcohol absorption, gastric emptying and a breathalyser. B J Clin Pharm. 1980;9:205–208
  23. Grimes DS, Goddard J. Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying. BMJ. 1978;2:460–461
  24. Southgate HW. The effect of alcohol, under varying conditions of diet, on man and animals, with some observations on the fate of alcohol in the body. J Biochem. 1925;19:737–745
  25. Harger RN, Hulpieu HR. Extent of absorption of alcohol at various intervals after oral administration. Proc Soc Exp Biol (NY). 1935;32:1247–1249
  26. Forrest ARW. The estimation of Widmark’s factor. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1986;26:249–252
  27. Ploutz-Snyder L, Foley J, Pkoutz-Snyder R, Kanaley J, Sagendorf K, Meyer R. Gastric gas and fluid emptying assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. E J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;79:212–220
  28. Pouderoux P, Freidman N, Shirazi P, Ringlestein JG, Keshavarzian A. Effect of carbonated water on gastric emptying and intragastric meal distribution. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:34–39
  29. Simpson G. Accuracy and precision of breath alcohol measurements in the absorptive state. Clin Chem. 1987;33:753–756

PII: S1752-928X(06)00300-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2006.12.010

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 7 , Pages 398-405 , October 2007