Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 6 , Pages 318-326 , August 2007

Suicides in Northern India: Comparison of trends and review of literature

Received 11 June 2006 ,Revised 20 July 2006 ,Accepted 10 August 2006.

References 

  1. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge (MA): Harvard School of Public Health; 1996;
  2. Phillips MR, Li X, Zhang Y. Suicide rates in China, 1995–99. Lancet. 2002;359:835–840
  3. World Health Organization. The world health report 2001: mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva: WHO; 2001.
  4. LaVecchia C, Lucchini F, Levi F. Worldwide trends in suicide mortality, 1955–1989. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90:53–64
  5. La Vecchia C, Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E. Trends in mortality from major diseases in Europe, 1980–1993. Eur J Epidemiol. 1998;14:1–8
  6. Morrell S, Page A, Taylor R. Birth cohort effects in New South Wales suicide, 1865–1998. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;106:365–377
  7. Gunnell D, Wehner H, Frankel S. Sex differences in suicide trends in England and Wales. Lancet. 1999;353:556–557
  8. Granizo JJ, Guallar E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F. Age-periodcohort analysis of suicide mortality rates in Spain, 1959– 1991. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:814–820
  9. LaVecchia C, Bollini P, Imazio C, Decarli A. Age, period of death and birth cohort effects on suicide mortality in Italy, 1955–1979. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1986;74:137–143
  10. D’avanzo B, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Saraceno B. Suicide mortality in Italy: an update from 1955 to 1987. Rev Epide’ m Sante’ Publ. 1993;41:454–460
  11. Hawton K. By their own young hand. Suicide is increasing rapidly in young men. Br Med J. 1992;305:1000
  12. La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Levi F, Negri E. Trends in suicide mortality 1955–1989: America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Soz Preventive Med. 1994;39:93–109
  13. Snowdon J, Hunt GE. Age, period and cohort effects on suicide rates in Australia, 1919–1999. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;105:265–270
  14. Allebeck P, Brandt L, Nordstrom P, Asgard U. Are suicide trends among the young reversing? Age, period and cohort analyses of suicide rates in Sweden. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93:43–48
  15. Jenkins R. Addressing suicide as a public-health problem. Lancet. 2002;359:813–814
  16. Kalediene R. Time trends in suicide mortality in Lithuania. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;99:419–422
  17. Leon DA, Chenet L, Shkolnikov VM, et al. Huge variation in Russian mortality rates 1984–94: artefact, alcohol, or what?. Lancet. 1997;350:383–388
  18. Shkolnikov V, McKee M, Leon DA. Changes in life expectancy in Russia in the mid-1990s. Lancet. 2001;357:917–921
  19. Mäkela P. Alcohol consumption and suicide mortality by age among Finnish men, 1950–1991. Addiction. 1996;91:101–112
  20. Wasserman D, Varnik A. Reliability of statistics on violent death and suicide in the former USSR, 1970–1990. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;394:34–41
  21. Hawton K. A national target for reducing suicide. Br Med J. 1998;317:156–157
  22. Simon GE, Vonkorff M. Suicide mortality among patients treated for depression in an insured population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:155–160
  23. Geddes J. Suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. Br Med J. 1999;318:1225–1226
  24. Davies S, Naik PC, Lee AS. Depression, suicide, and the national service framework. Br Med J. 2001;322:1500–1501
  25. Lawrence D, Holman CDJ, Jablensky AV, Fuller SA, Stoney AJ. Increasing rates of suicide in Western Australian psychiatric patients: a record linkage study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104:443–451
  26. Mac Mahon B, Johnson S, Pugh T. Relation of suicide rates to social conditions. Public Health Rep. 1963;78:285–293
  27. Schaffer D. Suicide: risk factors and the public health. Am J Public Health. 1983;83:171–172
  28. Eddleston M, Rezvi Sheriff MH, Hawton K. Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world. Br Med J. 1998;317:133–135
  29. Lewis G, Sloggett A. Suicide, deprivation, and unemployment: record linkage study. Br Med J. 1998;317:1283–1286
  30. Preti A, Miotto P. Suicide and unemployment in Italy, 1982–1994. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53:694–701
  31. Melinder KA, Andersson R. The impact of structural factors on the injury rate in different European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2001;11:301–308
  32. Petridou E, Papadopoulos FC, Frangakis CE, Skalkidou A, Trichopoulos D. A role of sunshine in the triggering of suicide. Epidemiology. 2002;13:106–109
  33. Kendell RE. Catalytic converters and prevention of suicide. Lancet. 1998;352:1525
  34. Feskanich D, Hastrup JL, Marshall JR, et al. Stress and suicide in the Nurses Health Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:95–98
  35. Johansson S-E, Sundquist J. Unemployment is an important risk factor for suicide in contemporary Sweden: an 11-year follow-up study of a cross-sectional sample of 37,789 people. Public Health. 1997;111:41–45
  36. Turvey C, Stromquist A, Kelly K, Zwerling C, Merchant J. Financial loss and suicidal ideation in a rural community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;106:373–380
  37. Sharma BR, Sharma V, Harish D. Suicides in Northern India – causes, methods used and prevention thereof. Med Sci Law. 2003;43(3):221–229
  38. Coryell W, Haley J, Endicott J, et al. The prospectively observed course of illness among depressed patients who commit suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;105:218–223
  39. Zatonski WA, Boyle P. Health transformations in Poland after 1988. J Epidemiol Biostat. 1996;1:183–187
  40. Bobak M, Marmot M. Alcohol and mortality in Russia: is it different than elsewhere?. Ann Epidemiol. 1999;9:335–338
  41. Foster D. Dying for a drink. Global suicide prevention should focus more on alcohol use disorders. Br Med J. 2001;323:817–818
  42. Kim WJ, Singh T. Trends and dynamics of youth suicides in developing countries. Lancet. 2004;363:1090–1091
  43. Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, Shaffer D. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:386–405
  44. McClure GM. Suicides in children and adolescents in England and Wales 1970–1998. Br J Psychiat. 2001;178:469–474
  45. Murthy RS. Approaches to suicide prevention in Asia and the Far East. In:  Hawton K,  Van Heeringen K editor. The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. Chichester: Wiley; 2000;p. 631–641
  46. Bolz W. Psychological analysis of the Sri Lankan conflict culture with special reference to the high suicide rate. Crisis. 2002;23:167–170
  47. Sharma BR, Harish D, Sharma V. Kitchen accidents vis-a-vis dowry deaths. Burns. 2002;28(3):250–253
  48. Vijaykumar L, Rajkumar S. Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case control study in India. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;99:407–411
  49. Sharma BR, Singh VP, Sharma R, Bangar S. Unnatural deaths in Northern India – a profile. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2004;26(4):140–146
  50. Phillips MR, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ji H, Zhou M. Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study. Lancet. 2002;360:1728–1736
  51. Ganju V. The mental health system in India: history, current system, and prospects. Int J Psychiatr Law. 2000;23:393–402
  52. Kim WJ. Child and adolescent psychiatry workforce: a critical shortage and national challenge. Acad Psychiat. 2003;27:277–282
  53. Kua EH, Ko SM, Ng TP. Recent trends in elderly suicide rates in a multi-ethnic Asian city. Int J Geriatr Psychiat. 2003;18(6):533–536
  54. Parker G, Yap HL. Suicide in Singapore: a changing sex ratio over the last decade. Singapore Med J. 2001;42(1):11–14
  55. National Center for Health Statistics . Multiple causes of death public-use data files, 1992 through 2001. Hyattsville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2003;
  56. Takahashi Y, Hirasawa H, Koyama K, Senzaki A, Senzaki K. Suicide in Japan: present state and future directions for prevention. Transcult Psychiat. 1998;35:271–289
  57. Lotrakul M. Suicide in Thailand during the period 1998–2003. Psychiat Clin Neurosci. 2006;60:90–95
  58. Khan MM, Reza H. The pattern of suicide in Pakistan. Crisis. 2000;21(1):31–35
  59. Kalediene R, Starkuviene S, Petrauskiene J. Seasonal patterns of suicides over the period of socio-economic transition in Lithuania. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:Available from: <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/40>
  60. Preti A, Miotto P, De Coppi M. Season and suicide: recent findings from Italy. Crisis. 2000;21:59–70
  61. Lader MH, Cowen PJ. Depression. British Med Bulletin. vol. 57. Oxford University Press; 2001;p. 3–15
  62. Stoupel E, Kalediene R, Petrauskiene J, Starkuviene S, Abramson E, Israelevich P, et al. Suicide–homicide temporal interrelationship, links with other fatalities, and environmental physical activity. Crisis. 2005;26:85–89
  63. Astruc B, Torres S, Jollant F, Jean-Baptiste S, Castelnau D, Malafosse A, et al. A history of major depressive disorder influences intent to die in violent suicide attempters. J Clin Psychiatr. 2004;65:690–695
  64. Unni KES. Human self destructive behavior. In:  Vyas JN,  Ahuja N editor. Text book of postgraduate psychiatry. second ed.. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 1999;p. 527–550
  65. Editorial, Deccan Herald; September 5, 2001. p. 10.
  66. Department of Health and Human Services . The Surgeon General’s call to action. Washington (DC): Department of Health and Human Services; 1999;Available on URL: <http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calltoaction/default.htm>

PII: S1353-1131(06)00192-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.08.009

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 6 , Pages 318-326 , August 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution