Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 1 , Pages 27-30 , January 2007

What do the X and Y chromosomes tell us about sex and gender in forensic case analysis?

  • Nicole von Wurmb-Schwark

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts, Arnold-Heller-Street, 12 Kiel 24105, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49 431 597 3633; fax: +49 431 597 3612.
  • ,
  • Hartmut Bosinski

      Affiliations

    • Division of Sexual Medicine, University of Kiel, Germany
  • ,
  • Stefanie Ritz-Timme

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Legal Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany

Received 9 June 2005 ,Revised 11 August 2005 ,Accepted 28 September 2005.

References 

  1. Bayley DMD, Affra NA, Fergusons-Smith M. The X–Y homologous gene amelogenin maps to the short arms of both the X and the Y chromosomes and is highly conserved in primates. Genomics. 1992;14:203–205
  2. Mannucci A, Sullivan KM, Ivanov PL, Gill P. Forensic application of a rapid and quantitative DNA sex test by amplification of the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin. Int J Legal Med. 1994;106:190–193
  3. Haas-Rochholz H, Weiler G. Additional primer sets for an amelogenin gene PCR-based DNA-sex test. Int J Legal Med. 1997;110:312–315
  4. Faerman M, Filon D, Kahila G, Greenblatt CH, Smith P, Oppenheim A. Sex identification of archaeological human remains based on amplification of the X and Y amelogenin alleles. Gene. 1995;167:327–332
  5. Birus I, Marcikic M, Lauc D, Dzijan S, Lauc G. How high should paternity index be for reliable identification of war victims by DNA typing?. Croat Med J. 2003;44(3):322–326
  6. Chiurillo MA, Morales A, Mendes AM, Lander N, Tovar F, Fuentes A, et al. Genetic profiling of a central Venezuelan population using 15 STR markers that may be of forensic importance. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;136:99–101
  7. Santos FR, Pandya A, Tyler-Smith C. Reliability of DNA-based sex tests. Nat Genet. 1998;18:103
  8. Roffey PE, Eckhoff CI, Kuhl JL. A rare mutation in the amelogenin gene and its potential investigative ramifications. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:1016–1019
  9. Henke J, Henke L, Chatthopadhyay P, Kayser M, Dülmer M, Cleef S, et al. Application of Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes to forensic genetics. Croatian Med J. 2001;43:292–297
  10. Steinlechner M, Berger B, Niederstätter H, Parson W. Rare failures in the amelogenin sex test. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:117–120
  11. Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L. Is the amelogenin gene reliable for gender identification in forensic casework and prenatal diagnosis?. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:121–123
  12. Brinkmann B. Is the amelogenin sex test valid?. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:63
  13. Michael A, Brauner P. Erroneous gender identification by the amelogenin sex test. J Forensic Sci. 2004;49:258–259
  14. Dauber EM, Dorner G, Mitterbauer M, Wenda S, Faé I, Mayr WR. Discrepant results of samples taken from different tissues of a single individual. In: Oral presentation (O22) on the international society for forensic genetics, 9–13 September 2003, Bordeaux, Arcachon, France.
  15. Cohena Y, Nagler A. Hematopoetic stem-cell transplantation using umbilical-cord blood. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44:1287–1299
  16. Bianchi DW. Circulating fetal DNA: Its origin and diagnostic potential. Placenta. 2004;25:93–101
  17. Nitsche EM, Hiort O. The molecular basis of androgen insensitivity. Horm Res. 2000;54:327–333
  18. Wisniewsk AB, Migeon CJ, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Gearhart JP, Berkovitz GD, Brown TR, et al. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (cAIS): Long-term medical, surgical, and phychosexual outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2000;85:2664–2669
  19. Hines M, Ahmed SF, Hughes IA. Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome [AIS]. Arch Sex Behav. 2003;32:93–101
  20. Warne GLM, Zajac JD. Disorders of sexual differentiation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27:945–967
  21. Mendonca BB, Inacio M, Costa EM, Arnhold IJ, Silva FA, Nicolau W, et al. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. Diagnosis, psychological evaluation, and management. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996;75(2):64–76
  22. Bangsboll S, Qvist I, Lebech PE, Lewinsky M. Testicular feminization syndrome and associated gonadal tumors in Denmark. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992;71:63–66
  23. Boehmer A, Brüggenwirth H, Van Assendelft C, Otten B, Verleun-Mooijman MCT, Niermeijer MF, et al. Genotype versus phenotype in families with androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endrocrinol Metabol. 2001;86:4151–4160
  24. American Psychiatric Association (APA) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. fourth ed.. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press; 1994;
  25. Genel M. Gender verification no more?. Medscape Womens Healths. 2000;5:E2
  26. Gill P, Brenner C, Brinkmann B, et al. DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: recommendations on forensic analysis using Y-chromosome STRs. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;124:5–10
  27. Schmidt U, Meier N, Lutz S. Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from southwest Germany (Freiburg area). Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:211–217
  28. Fitzgerald PH. Sex determination and some anomalies in man. NZ Med J. 1979;90:16–19

PII: S1353-1131(05)00171-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jcfm.2005.09.003

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 1 , Pages 27-30 , January 2007